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By Mark Plummer MSc BEng

In March, 2017 ISO released their Latest Well Integrity Standard, ISO 16530-1: Life Cycle Governance. In this article I will provide the background to the standard and discuss some of the key sections contained within.

BACKGROUND TO ISO 16530-1

1. 1. It was developed by producing operating companies for oil and gas, and is intended for use in the petroleum and natural gas industry worldwide

2. 2. It is intended to provide guidance to the Well Operator on managing well integrity throughout the well life cycle. Furthermore, it addresses the minimum compliance requirements for the well operator to claim conformity with ISO 16530-1

3. 3. It provides recommendations and techniques that well operators can apply in a scalable manner, based on a well’s specific risk characteristics

4. 4. ISO 16530-1 is intended to compliment the 2014 issued ISO 16530-2 Technical Standard (TS) – Well Integrity for the Operational Phase, which is intended to provide the requirements to manage Well Integrity during the operation (production) phase only.

5. 5. The standard is not applicable to:

• • Well control activities implemented to prevent or mitigate unintentional release of formation fluids from the well to its surroundings.
  • Wellbore integrity, sometimes referred to as “borehole stability”

KEY SECTIONS OF ISO 16530-1

All well life cycle phases have common elements, methods and processes, which are integral to well integrity management. ISO 16530-1 identifies and discusses key considerations for 12 common elements, as detailed in the figure above.

Assuring well integrity comprises two main building blocks: the first is to ensure well integrity during well design and construction, and the second is to manage well integrity throughout the remaining well life thereafter ISO 16530-1 addresses the six phases of the well life cycle, and their interrelationships, as illustrated above.

This month’s video demonstrates how certainty allows for better and faster decision making and evaluate the tubing conditions of multiple sub-sea completed wells pre-abandonment.

EV was requested by a global operator to perform a multi well campaign. EV’s Optis HD Electric line camera was used to inspect the tubing conditions of multiple sub-sea completed wells pre-abandonment.

Maintaining and increasing production volumes from existing wells and facilities is a major priority for operators in the Asia Pacific. The region suffers from a 10% annual decline in recovery, 80% of the basin’s fields are operating in the brownfield phase and a huge volume of well stock (40%-50%) is currently shut in and not
producing.

Globally there has also been a 25% increase in the abandonment of existing wells (Almukhaitah et al, Fonoiki 2013) and a 65% decline in the oil price, resulting in a huge cut in CAPEX for new field development (U.S. Energy Information Administration EICA 2015).

An interview with Erik Dietrichson, Manager – Eastern Region Well Intervention Service, FMC Technologies

Perspectives and development of the RLWI business

Riserless Light Well Intervention or RLWI – is the term used to describe the method for performing inspection and maintenance of subsea wells from a monohull vessel by sluicing a toolstring suspended in a wireline into the subsea well under full pressure, but without using a high pressure riser. RLWI is a cost efficient method as it can be performed from monohull vessels rather than costly drilling rigs. Wireline operations are used to perform production logging by measuring the locations of liquid in-flow and water content, to install a plug to isolate intervals with high inflow of reservoir water and to re-perforate the well casing by use of explosives to establish a new production interval at a higher level. It is also possible to increase the production rate from a well by removing scale growth that will reduce the well’s flow area. Another routine operation is to install a so-called insert-down-hole-safety-valve, to replace the function of the initially installed safety valve.

Fishing is often a complex operation that can require more than a single run due to partial recovery of the fish or discovery of unexpected conditions.

This month’s video is a succession of clips recorded with EV’s Slickline Memory camera where a customer in South East Asia progressed through their recovery operation, progressively understanding the exact conditions throughout the different stages.

No special preparation was required as the jobs were run in a dry gas environment.

After a first run that accurately identified the top of wire, a wire cutter was run in hole and held up at an unexpected depth. The pin had to be sheared to release the cutter and the next camera run identified a slickline bird nest.

With this information, a significant amount of slickline was recovered and another camera was run to assess the results. The new top of fish, a slickline fishing head is clearly seen, followed by the top of a sidewall cutter.

After latching onto the sidewall cutter, another camera is run. This time, the sidewall cutter is found centred, which allowed the correct selection of fishing tools.

On recovering the sidewall cutter, another camera was run to check the condition of the wire below it. The last segment of video shows yet another slickline bird nest.

After multiple runs and several days, the customer successfully concluded the operation relying throughout on EV’s Slickline Memory Camera, a battery powered optical camera that records up to 5 hours of HD colour video images at 30 frames per second. Acquisition, as in this case, can be continuous; however the tools can also be programmed to record as many as 60 segments, an efficient and cost effective solution to diagnosing complex or changing downhole conditions over an extended period of time.

The discussions subjects covered in these postings are covered in my well integrity training courses. Go to www.internationalwellintegrity.com for more details. In this article I would like to comment on the issue of sand production and its measurement. This is a high-level view of the problem, representing the tip of the iceberg.

The technology of spectral noise logging is very powerful when in the right hands and can really provide a much direction in problem solving downhole issues. As a tool that listens for sound and does not transmit sound provides a more direct answer of downhole issues, simply relying on a pressure change OR sound of moving particles such as sand. BUT coming back to the issue of calibration, this critical element must be available, repeatable and transparent.

Your service provider should provide comprehensive details of calibrations and especially with dates, times and environmental conditions. Crucially, when calibrating the environment must be insulated from background noise, so having trucks thundering past, that vibrate and shake the work surfaces or having to tip toe past the calibration cell for fear of extraneous interference is not acceptable. But is something I have witnessed recently in one service provider facility, and questions the validity of the calibration and associated logging results.

Reviewing the service provider to ensure and validate their calibration process is key to success. Additionally, auditing of tool servicing and maintenance is crucial, especially as we are coming out of a downturn and cut backs have been severe.

Sand in the flow stream if not fully understood and correctly measured can be catastrophic. Therefore, knowledge of the sand source, the rate it is producing at and where in the well system it reaches when on production, provides a greater understanding of the problem complexity and how it might be mitigated.

A small checklist will help in the diagnostic process -:

1.      Sand detection at the surface tells you straight away that you have a problem, but what is the rate of this sand production? How many pounds of sand per million standard cubic feet or thousand barrels?

2.      Is the sand production rate dependant? If so, what is maximum rate the well can be produced at without sand at the surface?

3.      Is there evidence in the surface equipment of sand? If so, try to sample and analyse and with a geologist determine where in the well is this coming from.

4.      Measure wall thickness of elbows and compare to original construction dimensions to help measure the surface rate of metal loss

5.      If an intervention is planned choose the logging company carefully, and only accept logging companies who can provide you with a numerical answer to the sand production rate. Just ticking a box to confirm its in the flow stream will not provide you with a full answer. You need to know the sand rate production versus well production rate.

6.      Using slickline tools try to determine if the sump depth of the well has changed as this will suggest that the sand is dropping down the well and not all being produced to the surface.

7.      Once the sand is better understood, you are then in a position to review, risk assess and determine a course of action that provides a working environment with an action plan if problems occur.

By Simon Sparke – International Well Integrity

‘If you don’t monitor it you can’t measure it’, while this is probably fully understood, what is missing is ‘ensuring your measurement equipment is properly calibrated’, as a measurement is meaningless if the equipment response cannot be relied upon. As well integrity engineers, we need ONE source of truth and this must be reliable, repeatable and transparent.

Technology advances but are we missing something? In this digital age there seems to be less overall adherence to this critical task of calibration of downhole tools, even to the point where I have been told it was not necessary as the tool is self-calibrating which has the same amusement levels being told that gas wells have a bubble point.

Calibration is the act of comparing a device under test of an unknown value with a reference standard of a known value and in so doing, provides us with the means to determine the error or verify the accuracy of the device under test.

As well integrity engineers, one of our concerns is the status of the well tubulars through the field life, so that we need to understand the sources or causes of sustained annulus pressure and the location(s) of metal loss over and above that of allowable metal loss during manufacture. The change in wall thickness will help determine the MAASP or MAWOP and how this impacts the well operating status.

I use the phrase ‘metal loss’ as this is important. Pipe wall thickness variations occur for several reasons; manufacturing tolerance, wear caused by interventions, erosion, and corrosion. These various attributes need to be understood by any analyst including the logging company and form part of a rational discussion about well status and the causes for change.

A range of tools are available to help determine remaining wall thickness in our well tubulars. These include -:

·      The multi fingered caliper measures the internal status of a single tubular; recording metal loss due to corrosion but also recording wall thickness gains such as scale(s), paraffins and asphaltenes.

·      Electro magnetics, can make measurements of multiple tubular strings in a single logging pass and these tools are NOT influenced by scale, paraffin or asphaltenes

·      Sonic based tools can measure wall thickness and surface tubular status but can only record a single string and require a liquid filled environment

·      Cameras now provide a comprehensive ‘view’ of the tubular and the associated completion jewellery but can only measure a single tubular string.

How do we move forward and who or what do we believe? As well integrity requires rigorous charted, signed and witnessed pressure tests on much of our pressure control equipment, then surely it is correct for logging tools etc to be subject to a similar test(s) in order to qualify their effective readings, especially as the results could have an impact on well integrity and the safety of our colleagues. The data required should include; pipe size(s), weight, wall thickness and metal grade. It should be signed and dated. Review this calibration before logging starts and ensure it passes the ‘sniff test’. Therefore, if the service provider cannot or will not support their reports with repeatable calibration data, we must question their standards.

What must be used are the allowable wall thickness variations in the tubular manufacturing process. Two key documents are available; API-5CT for regular tubing and casing (OCTG) provides for a variation in wall thickness of -12.5%

API-5CRA for corrosion resistant alloy tubulars provides for a variation in wall thickness of -10.0% OR -12.5% which is driven by the heat treatment process.

To piece all this together and provide a meaningful result, several elements are needed. These include; logging results, API wall thickness tolerance, completion design + the well production characteristics + well history and a degree of common sense. However, and most crucially, calibration data is very important.

The pictures below show tools to measure metal loss in multiple tubing/casing strings. Operators use this data to determine well status, re-calculate MAASP and if/when a workover might be required to replace strings.

Setting a good industry example. My belief is that we should have similarly high expectations of service providers and they should demonstrate tool calibration as shown in the picture below. This company, Ginnovo, sends tools to the wellsite complete with a calibration cell. This provides the opportunity to confirm the accuracy of the collected data, while still in the field. It withstands scrutiny and demonstrates the appropriate level of professionalism that we as responsible companies should demand. If they can’t deliver, then my recommendation is to seek alternative providers and in this field there are several. 

See the successful deployment of the TRIDENT® System, which performed two cuts and recovered casing to surface in a single trip.

Understand what the new regulatory updates mean for those involved in Gulf of Mexico well intervention and hear BSEE’s comments relating to both riserless well intervention systems and BSEE’s final rule.